標準簡介
ISO 45001:2018 是全球首個職業健康與安全（OH&S）管理系統國際標準，於 2018 年 3 月發布，取代 OHSAS 18001:2007。該標準由 ISO 與來自 70 多個國家的代表共同制定，為組織主動改善職業健康安全績效、預防工傷和職業病、提供安全健康的工作場所提供框架。ISO 45001 採用 ISO 高階結構（HLS），可與 ISO 9001（品質管理）和 ISO 14001（環境管理）管理系統無縫整合。ISO 45001 適用於任何組織，無論規模、類型或產業，從小型企業到跨國公司，涵蓋製造業、建築業、醫療保健和服務業等各個領域。
ISO 45001 引入了關鍵概念，包括要求分析內部和外部職業健康安全議題的'組織背景'、強調最高管理階層承諾和員工諮詢的'領導與員工參與'，以及涵蓋風險和機會的強化'風險導向方法'。該標準要求組織建立職業健康安全目標、實施營運控制、準備緊急應變措施，並透過稽核和管理審查監控績效。從 OHSAS 18001 的轉換須於 2021 年 3 月前完成。認證包括由認可認證機構進行的第一階段（文件審查）和第二階段（實施稽核）評估。根據 ISO 調查資料，全球已頒發超過 40 萬張證書。實施效益包括減少職場事故（研究顯示可降低 20-40%）、降低保險費用、改善法規合規性、提高員工士氣，以及在要求職業健康安全認證的招標中獲得競爭優勢。
Worker Participation
Places strong emphasis on worker consultation and participation in all aspects of OH&S management — from hazard identification to policy development.
High-Level Structure
Uses the ISO Annex SL framework, making it easy to integrate with ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and other management system standards.
Hierarchy of Controls
Requires application of the hierarchy of controls: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE — in that order of preference.
list_alt Core Clauses (4-10)
- Context and interested parties (workers, regulators, unions)
- Leadership, worker participation, and OH&S policy
- Hazard identification and risk/opportunity assessment
- OH&S objectives and planning to achieve them
- Competence, awareness, and communication
- Operational planning and control
- Emergency preparedness and response
- Performance evaluation, internal audit, and management review
Who Needs to Comply?
Any organization seeking to improve worker safety, reduce workplace injuries, and demonstrate commitment to occupational health and safety. Especially relevant for construction, manufacturing, mining, oil & gas, and logistics.
Key Requirements
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment
Proactively identify hazards arising from work activities, work environment, equipment, and human factors. Assess OH&S risks and determine controls using the hierarchy of controls.
Worker Consultation & Participation
Establish mechanisms for worker consultation on OH&S policy, objectives, and changes. Non-managerial workers must participate in hazard identification, incident investigation, and control determination.
Operational Controls
Establish processes to eliminate hazards and reduce OH&S risks. Manage change including new products, processes, and work conditions. Control outsourced and contractor activities.
Incident Investigation
Investigate incidents, near-misses, and nonconformities to identify root causes, determine corrective actions, and share lessons learned across the organization.
Penalties & Enforcement
No direct legal penalties — ISO 45001 is voluntary. However, certification demonstrates due diligence which can reduce legal liability. Underlying OH&S laws carry their own penalties including criminal prosecution for serious safety failures.