标准简介
ISO 45001:2018 是全球首个职业健康与安全（OH&S）管理体系国际标准，于 2018 年 3 月发布，取代 OHSAS 18001:2007。该标准由 ISO 与来自 70 多个国家的代表共同制定，为组织主动改善职业健康安全绩效、预防工伤和职业病、提供安全健康的工作场所提供框架。ISO 45001 采用 ISO 高级结构（HLS），可与 ISO 9001（质量管理）和 ISO 14001（环境管理）管理体系无缝整合。ISO 45001 适用于任何组织，无论规模、类型或行业，从小型企业到跨国公司，涵盖制造业、建筑业、医疗保健和服务业等各个领域。
ISO 45001 引入了关键概念，包括要求分析内部和外部职业健康安全问题的'组织环境'、强调最高管理层承诺和员工协商的'领导力和员工参与'，以及涵盖风险和机会的强化'基于风险的方法'。该标准要求组织建立职业健康安全目标、实施运营控制、准备应急措施，并通过审核和管理评审监控绩效。从 OHSAS 18001 的过渡必须在 2021 年 3 月前完成。认证包括由认可认证机构进行的第一阶段（文件审查）和第二阶段（实施审核）评估。根据 ISO 调查数据，全球已颁发超过 40 万张证书。实施效益包括减少工作场所事故（研究显示可降低 20-40%）、降低保险费用、改善法规合规性、提高员工士气，以及在要求职业健康安全认证的招标中获得竞争优势。
Worker Participation
Places strong emphasis on worker consultation and participation in all aspects of OH&S management — from hazard identification to policy development.
High-Level Structure
Uses the ISO Annex SL framework, making it easy to integrate with ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and other management system standards.
Hierarchy of Controls
Requires application of the hierarchy of controls: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE — in that order of preference.
list_alt Core Clauses (4-10)
- Context and interested parties (workers, regulators, unions)
- Leadership, worker participation, and OH&S policy
- Hazard identification and risk/opportunity assessment
- OH&S objectives and planning to achieve them
- Competence, awareness, and communication
- Operational planning and control
- Emergency preparedness and response
- Performance evaluation, internal audit, and management review
Who Needs to Comply?
Any organization seeking to improve worker safety, reduce workplace injuries, and demonstrate commitment to occupational health and safety. Especially relevant for construction, manufacturing, mining, oil & gas, and logistics.
Key Requirements
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment
Proactively identify hazards arising from work activities, work environment, equipment, and human factors. Assess OH&S risks and determine controls using the hierarchy of controls.
Worker Consultation & Participation
Establish mechanisms for worker consultation on OH&S policy, objectives, and changes. Non-managerial workers must participate in hazard identification, incident investigation, and control determination.
Operational Controls
Establish processes to eliminate hazards and reduce OH&S risks. Manage change including new products, processes, and work conditions. Control outsourced and contractor activities.
Incident Investigation
Investigate incidents, near-misses, and nonconformities to identify root causes, determine corrective actions, and share lessons learned across the organization.
Penalties & Enforcement
No direct legal penalties — ISO 45001 is voluntary. However, certification demonstrates due diligence which can reduce legal liability. Underlying OH&S laws carry their own penalties including criminal prosecution for serious safety failures.