標準簡介
《數位市場法案》（DMA）是歐盟於 2024 年 3 月全面生效的里程碑式法規。它旨在透過對被指定為'守門人'的大型科技平台施加特定義務，確保公平和開放的數位市場。DMA 針對數位領域的反競爭行為，特別是涉及應用程式商店、搜尋引擎、社群媒體平台和作業系統的行為。擁有重大市場力量的公司必須允許互通性，使使用者能夠選擇替代服務，並避免優先推廣自身服務而非競爭對手。此法規特別要求如 Apple 等守門人允許應用程式側載和替代應用程式市場，從根本上改變了使用者存取和安裝軟體的方式。
DMA 根據以下標準指定守門人：為超過 4500 萬月活躍歐盟使用者和超過 10000 年活躍企業使用者提供核心平台服務，在過去三個會計年度中歐洲經濟區年營業額至少為 75 億歐元或市值至少為 750 億歐元，並在至少三個歐盟成員國營運。被指定的守門人包括 Apple、Alphabet（Google）、Meta、Amazon、Microsoft 和 ByteDance（TikTok）。這些公司必須遵守以下義務：允許第三方應用程式商店、實現與競爭對手的互通性、為企業使用者提供存取其自身資料的權限、不預先安裝特定應用程式。歐盟委員會可對不合規行為處以最高全球營業額 10% 的罰款，反覆違規可能達到全球營業額的 20%。已經啟動多項潛在不合規調查，特別是針對 Apple 實施 DMA 要求的調查。
Gatekeeper Designation
The European Commission designates large platforms as "gatekeepers" based on turnover, market cap, and user thresholds — currently 7 companies are designated.
Interoperability Mandates
Gatekeepers must allow third-party interoperability, sideloading of apps, and access to core platform services on fair terms.
Self-Preferencing Ban
Prohibits gatekeepers from ranking their own products/services more favorably than those of third-party competitors on their platforms.
list_alt Key Obligations
- Allow users to uninstall pre-installed apps
- Enable third-party app stores and sideloading
- Prohibit self-preferencing in rankings
- Allow switching default apps (browser, search, etc.)
- Provide data portability for end users and businesses
- Refrain from tracking users across services without consent
- Share advertising performance data with publishers
- Allow interoperability with messaging services
Who Needs to Comply?
Primarily targets large digital platforms designated as "gatekeepers" by the European Commission — currently Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, and Microsoft. Also affects businesses operating on these platforms.
Key Requirements
Gatekeeper Compliance Reports
Designated gatekeepers must submit detailed compliance reports to the European Commission describing how they meet each obligation for every designated core platform service.
Data Sharing & Portability
Provide business users with access to performance and audience data generated on the platform. Allow end users to port their data freely.
Fair App Store Practices
Allow developers to use alternative payment systems, link to external offers, and distribute apps through third-party stores without unreasonable restrictions.
Anti-Circumvention
Gatekeepers must not engage in any behavior that undermines the obligations, regardless of whether the behavior is contractual, commercial, technical, or otherwise.
Penalties & Enforcement
Fines up to 10% of worldwide annual turnover, rising to 20% for repeated infringements. The Commission can also impose periodic penalty payments of up to 5% of daily turnover and order structural remedies including divestitures.