标准简介
《数字市场法案》（DMA）是欧盟于 2024 年 3 月全面生效的里程碑式法规。它旨在通过对被指定为'守门人'的大型科技平台施加特定义务，确保公平和开放的数字市场。DMA 针对数字领域的反竞争行为，特别是涉及应用商店、搜索引擎、社交媒体平台和操作系统的行为。拥有重大市场力量的公司必须允许互操作性，使用户能够选择替代服务，并避免优先推广自己的服务而非竞争对手。该法规特别要求像 Apple 这样的守门人允许应用侧载和替代应用市场，从根本上改变了用户访问和安装软件的方式。
DMA 根据以下标准指定守门人：为超过 4500 万月活跃欧盟用户和超过 10000 年活跃企业用户提供核心平台服务，在过去三个财年中欧洲经济区年营业额至少为 75 亿欧元或市值至少为 750 亿欧元，并在至少三个欧盟成员国运营。被指定的守门人包括 Apple、Alphabet（Google）、Meta、Amazon、Microsoft 和 ByteDance（TikTok）。这些公司必须遵守以下义务：允许第三方应用商店、实现与竞争对手的互操作性、为企业用户提供访问其自身数据的权限、不预装某些应用。欧盟委员会可对不合规行为处以最高全球营业额 10% 的罚款，反复违规可能达到全球营业额的 20%。已经启动了多项潜在不合规调查，特别是针对 Apple 实施 DMA 要求的调查。
Gatekeeper Designation
The European Commission designates large platforms as "gatekeepers" based on turnover, market cap, and user thresholds — currently 7 companies are designated.
Interoperability Mandates
Gatekeepers must allow third-party interoperability, sideloading of apps, and access to core platform services on fair terms.
Self-Preferencing Ban
Prohibits gatekeepers from ranking their own products/services more favorably than those of third-party competitors on their platforms.
list_alt Key Obligations
- Allow users to uninstall pre-installed apps
- Enable third-party app stores and sideloading
- Prohibit self-preferencing in rankings
- Allow switching default apps (browser, search, etc.)
- Provide data portability for end users and businesses
- Refrain from tracking users across services without consent
- Share advertising performance data with publishers
- Allow interoperability with messaging services
Who Needs to Comply?
Primarily targets large digital platforms designated as "gatekeepers" by the European Commission — currently Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, and Microsoft. Also affects businesses operating on these platforms.
Key Requirements
Gatekeeper Compliance Reports
Designated gatekeepers must submit detailed compliance reports to the European Commission describing how they meet each obligation for every designated core platform service.
Data Sharing & Portability
Provide business users with access to performance and audience data generated on the platform. Allow end users to port their data freely.
Fair App Store Practices
Allow developers to use alternative payment systems, link to external offers, and distribute apps through third-party stores without unreasonable restrictions.
Anti-Circumvention
Gatekeepers must not engage in any behavior that undermines the obligations, regardless of whether the behavior is contractual, commercial, technical, or otherwise.
Penalties & Enforcement
Fines up to 10% of worldwide annual turnover, rising to 20% for repeated infringements. The Commission can also impose periodic penalty payments of up to 5% of daily turnover and order structural remedies including divestitures.