标准简介
《家庭教育权利和隐私法》（FERPA，又称巴克利修正案）是美国于 1974 年 8 月通过的联邦法律（20 U.S.C. § 1232g），保护学生教育记录的隐私。该法适用于所有接受美国教育部资金的教育机构，从幼儿园到大学（K-12 和高等教育机构）。FERPA 赋予家长（学生 18 岁或进入高等教育后权利转移给学生本人）查阅和审查子女教育记录、请求修正不准确记录的权利，以及控制个人身份信息披露的权利。
FERPA 要求教育机构在未经同意的情况下不得披露学生的教育记录中的个人身份信息，但存在特定豁免情况，包括：向具有合法教育利益的学校官员披露、向学生转学的学校披露、出于审计或评估目的、为执行经济援助条件、以及遵守法院命令或合法传票。目录信息（如姓名、地址、出生日期、出席日期）可在给予家长选择退出机会后披露。违反 FERPA 的主要执行机制是联邦资金的终止，由学生隐私政策办公室（SPPO）调查投诉。近年来 FERPA 在数字化教育环境中面临新挑战，包括教育技术公司的数据收集、云端学生记录管理和远程学习中的隐私保护。
Student Record Privacy
Protects the privacy of student education records at all public and private schools receiving federal education funding.
Parental & Student Rights
Grants parents (and students over 18) the right to access, review, and request amendments to education records.
Disclosure Controls
Requires written consent before disclosing personally identifiable information from education records, with specific exceptions for school officials and emergencies.
list_alt Core FERPA Provisions
- Right to inspect and review education records
- Right to request amendment of inaccurate records
- Written consent required before disclosure
- Directory information opt-out rights
- Transfer of rights at age 18 (eligible students)
- Exceptions for school officials with legitimate interest
- Annual notification requirement to parents/students
Who Needs to Comply?
Any public or private educational institution (K-12 and post-secondary) that receives funds under any program administered by the U.S. Department of Education. This includes virtually all public schools and most colleges and universities.
Key Requirements
Annual Notification
Schools must annually notify parents and eligible students of their FERPA rights, including the right to inspect records, request amendments, consent to disclosures, and file complaints.
Written Consent for Disclosure
Schools must obtain signed, written consent from the parent or eligible student before disclosing personally identifiable information from education records, specifying which records, to whom, and for what purpose.
Record Access Rights
Schools must provide parents or eligible students access to education records within 45 days of a request. Schools must respond to reasonable requests for explanation and interpretation of records.
Amendment Process
Schools must consider requests to amend records believed to be inaccurate or misleading. If the school declines, it must inform the requestor of the right to a formal hearing.
Penalties & Enforcement
The ultimate penalty is loss of all federal education funding. In practice, the Department of Education has never imposed this penalty; enforcement is handled through the Student Privacy Policy Office via investigations, compliance reviews, and corrective action plans.